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https://youtube.com/live/wt9e_OJyMp4 https://youtube.com/live/wt9e_OJyMp4 THERMODYNAMICS 11.1 INTRODUCTION In previous chapter we have studied thermal properties of matter. In this chapter we shall study laws that govern thermal energy. We shall study the processes where work is converted into heat and vice versa. In winter, when we rub our palms together, we feel warmer; here work done in rubbing produces the ‘heat’. Conversely, in a steam engine, the ‘heat’ of the steam is used to do useful work in moving the pistons, which in turn rotate the wheels of the train. In physics, we need to define the notions of heat, temperature, work, etc. more carefully. Historically, it took a long time to arrive at the proper concept of ‘heat’. Before the modern picture, heat was regarded as a fine invisible fluid filling in the pores of a substance. On contact between a hot body and a cold body, the fluid (called caloric) flowed from the colder to the hotter body ! This is similar to what happens wh...

Introduction The term “Epstein Files” refers to a large collection of court documents, testimonies, flight logs, and legal records connected to the criminal investigation of Jeffrey Epstein, a wealthy financier accused of running a long-term sex trafficking network. Even years after his death, these files continue to attract global attention because they raise serious questions about power, privilege, and accountability. Who Was Jeffrey Epstein? Jeffrey Epstein was an American financier who maintained connections with politicians, celebrities, academics, and business leaders. Behind this powerful image, he was accused of exploiting and abusing underage girls over several years. In 2019, Epstein was arrested on federal charges related to sex trafficking. He later died in jail under controversial circumstances, officially ruled a suicide, which further fueled public suspicion and debate. What Are the Epstein Files? The Epstein Files are not one single document.  They include: Court f...

१. मामला क्या है? यह मामला 2004-2009 के बीच का है, जब लालू प्रसाद यादव भारत सरकार में रेल मंत्री थे।  आरोप है कि उस दौरान भारतीय रेल खाने-पीने एवं पर्यटन निगम (IRCTC) के दो होटों — एक राँची (सूचक होटल BNR Ranchi) और दूसरा पुरी (BNR Puri) — के रखरखाव (maintenance) व संचालन के ठेके निजी कंपनी को दिए गए।  आरोप है कि निविदा (tender) प्रक्रिया में हेराफेरी की गई, शर्तों में बदलाव हुए, ताकि ये होटल ठेका Sujata Hotels Pvt Ltd को मिले, जिसकी मालिकाना हिस्सेदारी विजय कोचर और विनय कोचर के पास थी।  --- २. क्या बदला गया था / किस तरह हेराफेरी हुई कथित है कि निविदा की शर्तों को इस तरह बदला गया कि Sujata Hotels को लाभ हो सके, यानी अन्य प्रतिस्पर्धियों को पीछे छोड़ा गया।  होटल ठेकों का हस्तांतरण IRCTC से Sujata Hotels को किया जाना था, और इसके बदले कुछ जमीन/संपत्ति का आदान-प्रदान हुआ।  आरोप है कि इस सौदे के बदले पटनाका प्राइम प्लॉट (लगभग 3 एकड़ जमीन) लालू यादव के परिवार के किसी बेनामी कंपनी (shell / benami company) के ज़रिए मिला।  बाद में वह जमीन नियंत्रण और स्वामित्व के ले...

India has always been a land of entrepreneurs, but few stories are as inspiring as Zoho Corporation. From a small startup to a global software powerhouse, Zoho proves that innovation, persistence, and smart strategy can rival even the biggest tech companies — all without relying on external investors. --- 🚀 Zoho’s Journey: From Humble Beginnings to Global Presence Founded in 1996 in Chennai under the name AdventNet, Zoho started as a network management company. Over the years, it pivoted into creating a suite of cloud-based software solutions for businesses of all sizes. Today, Zoho operates in over 80 countries, serving millions of users worldwide with a workforce of more than 15,000 employees. What sets Zoho apart is its self-funded growth strategy. Unlike most tech giants that rely heavily on venture capital, Zoho built its empire using internal revenue and reinvestment. This approach gave the company complete control over its products and culture, a rarity in the tech industry. --...

According to our export:  In a significant escalation of the ongoing U.S.-China trade tensions, President Donald Trump announced plans to impose a 100% tariff on Chinese imports, effective November 1, 2025. This move comes in response to China's recent restrictions on rare earth exports, materials crucial for various high-tech and defense industries. --- 🔴 China’s Official Response: A Call for Dialogue China has firmly rejected the tariff threat, urging the U.S. to resolve the matter through negotiations rather than unilateral actions. A spokesperson from China’s Ministry of Commerce stated, “If the U.S. persists in acting unilaterally, China will resolutely take corresponding measures to safeguard its legitimate rights and interests.” This marks China's first official response to the proposed tariffs, highlighting its stance against what it perceives as aggressive trade tactics.  --- ⚙️ Rare Earth Export Controls: The Catalyst for Escalation The U.S. administration's deci...

Welcome to your ultimate update on global events, sports, science, politics, and entertainment. Here’s everything happening around the world today. --- 🕊 Middle East Peace Efforts The Israel-Gaza conflict is seeing a major breakthrough. Egypt announced an international summit in Sharm El-Sheikh on Monday, co-chaired by U.S. President Donald Trump and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. This summit aims to strengthen the ceasefire agreement brokered by the U.S., Egypt, Qatar, and Turkey. Israel has started transferring approximately 2,000 Palestinian prisoners ahead of their release in exchange for 48 Israeli hostages held in Gaza. Over 500,000 Palestinians have returned to Gaza City, where aid distribution and infrastructure repair are in progress. International organizations are calling for long-term solutions to prevent future conflicts in the region. Impact on global politics: This move is seen as a major step toward stabilizing the Middle East, and it could improve U.S. diplo...

भारत का संविधान और राजनीतिक ढांचा लोकतंत्र की नींव है। सरकारी नौकरी की परीक्षाओं में अक्सर संविधान, संसद, राष्ट्रपति, न्यायपालिका और संघ राज्य व्यवस्था से सवाल आते हैं। --- 1. भारतीय संविधान (Constitution of India) स्वीकृति: 26 नवंबर 1949 प्रभावी: 26 जनवरी 1950 (गणतंत्र दिवस) लंबाई: दुनिया का सबसे बड़ा लिखित संविधान संरचना: प्रस्तावना (Preamble) भाग I – XVIII (Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, Fundamental Duties) 12 अनुसूचियाँ (Schedules) शॉर्ट ट्रिक – संविधान याद रखने के लिए “प्रस्तावना, अधिकार, कर्तव्य, नीति, अनुसूची” P-R-K-N-A → Preamble, Rights, Kartutva (Duties), Niti (Directive Principles), Anusuchi --- 2. संघीय ढांचा (Federal Structure) भारत संघीय लोकतंत्र (Federal Democracy) है। तीन स्तरीय सरकार: 1. केंद्र सरकार (Union Government / Central Govt) 2. राज्य सरकार (State Government) 3. स्थानीय सरकार (Local Self-Government / Panchayati Raj & Municipalities) संघीय शब्द याद रखने की ट्रिक: “क-र-स्थ” → केंद्र, राज्य, स्थानीय --- 3. राष्ट्रपति और कार्यपालिका (President & ...